Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

End of the year test - Essay Example Connelly (2010) gave numerous motivations to help his contention. He expresses that In his book ‘Congressional Government’ Wilson’s recommendation on American legislative issues were deficient and were not completely advanced to a limited degree. Despite the fact that he expressed that â€Å"radical defect† (Connelly, 2010, 119) of the protected framework is detachment of forces he didn't handle or changed the major imperfection of partition of authoritative and official forces of American Constitution. Wilson proposed that â€Å"the remedy for the contact of the division of forces can be found in the combination of gathering government† (Connelly, 2010, 119), anyway Connelly (2010) was of the conclusion that he dismissed the detachment of powers’ probability for parting. ... As per Connelly despite the fact that Wilson was a decent lawmaker and political specialist to call attention to the deformities of the protected frameworks he came up short on the discernment to comprehend its qualities (Connelly, 2010). Despite the fact that Wilson stood apart as a commendable adversary to James Madison federalist see, addressed and raised the deformities of pluralist framework, yet his concept of unadulterated gathering government was not achievable under the arrangement of partition of forces anyway it may include been conceivable inside House of Representatives with larger part as per Connelly (2010). Consequently Connelly opined that Woodrow Wilson’s venture was destined to disappointment. 2. By what method may Tocqueville clarify the goals of Piven and Cloward’s venture to particularly focus on the poor in voter enrollment drives? (least 300 words). Tocqueville (1838, 1) in his book ‘Democracy in America’ expressed that â€Å"in Uni ted States even religion of the majority of the residents is republican, since it presents the realities of the other world to private judgment, as in governmental issues the consideration of their transient advantages in relinquished to the great feeling of the people†. He further expresses that republican thoughts are so charmed into Americans that they become propensities, assessments and at last perceived officially as laws. To change republican’s thoughts seizing the goals of American and its majority rules system, Tocqueville (1838) proposes reforming the entire society. He imagines that it can happen just with predictable endeavors and arrangement of occasions over some stretch of time with inverse feelings that can substitute this procedure. He likewise opines that in America, to crush the republican belief system a troublesome social procedure

Domestic violence against Australian Women-Samples for Students

Question: Examine about the Domestic savagery against Australian Women. Answer: Presentation Abusive behavior at home is a demonstration of savagery that occur in residential setting including two individuals who were or are in a personal connection. Aggressive behavior at home against ladies (DVAW) can be named as maltreatment by men to ladies who were or are having a close connection (Baird, 2008). DVAW has been perceived as issue in Australia that has huge size. Abusive behavior at home incorporates enthusiastic, sexual, physical, and mental maltreatment. Physical brutality alludes to physical animosity and maltreatment by an accomplice that includes kicking, beating, hitting, or slapping. Sexual brutality involves sexual pressure, assault, undesirable sex or badgering or constrained prostitution against ladies. Passionate and mental brutality alludes to controlling practices like proceeded with embarrassment, seclusion, control of fiancs, undermining kids or compromised with death. Aggressive behavior at home reason genuine effect on ladies wellbeing and prosperity (Coke r, 2016). The accompanying article with diagram an examination issue articulation on DVAW in Australia and survey applicable writing on the subject under investigation. The article with additionally talk about moral issues that will be uncounted in the exploration, methodologies to take care of the issues, deterrents and empowering influences in the execution of the systems. The exploration is a contextual analysis of Public Health Association Australia (PHAH). General Health Association of Australia (PHAA) PHAA is a nongovernmental association engaged with general wellbeing with a dream at advancing prosperity and wellbeing to all Australians. The association looks to improve populace wellbeing dependent on value standards, anticipation, and social determinants of wellbeing. PHAA has more than 1900members who contain in excess of 40 expert gatherings. The association job in the general wellbeing incorporates upholding or creating wellbeing approaches and building limit. PHAA gives a gathering to talking about issues and general wellbeing and voice to proficient laborers in general wellbeing. The association distributes to diaries to be specific Australian and New Zealand diaries of general Health (ANZJPH). Issue proclamation DVAW in Australia has genuinely expanded in the previous decade that has prompted critical individual and social effect. Ladies are losing their life or getting incessant maladies because of aggressive behavior at home. It is assessed that one lady is executed on normal every week in Australia by their accomplices (Humanrights.gov.au, 2017). As indicated by Coker (2016) one of every five ladies in Australian has encountered sexual brutality while one in each three ladies in Australia has encountered physical viciousness. From these insights, ladies are powerless and are survivors of aggressive behavior at home that causes significant consequences for ladies wellbeing and prosperity. Savagery from personal accomplices in Australian reason more inabilities, sickness, and demise in ladies that whatever other causes that are preventable. In this way, the point of this report will target concentrating on the effect of DVAW and laying out preventable estimates that can be actualized to dec rease abusive behavior at home. The exploration will include auditing significant writing to comprehend wellbeing results of abusive behavior at home and be utilized to guidance the service of wellbeing on the best way to forestall or maintain a strategic distance from abusive behavior at home in Australia. Writing audit Struthers, Tilbury and Williams (2017) characterized abusive behavior at home as examples of practices where one individual causes viciousness and maltreatment against the other in a marriage or dwelling together. As per WHO, abusive behavior at home is a purposeful utilization of ones force or power, real or compromising against an accomplice that lead to death, injury, mental damage, hardship or maldevelopment. DVAW consolidates a wide range of savagery experienced by ladies because of their sexual orientation. Moynihan (2012) in his outcome found that abusive behavior at home caused despondency, fears, and uneasiness to ladies. Ladies who experience brutality got focused on that were draw out that prompted sadness. He recorded that half of the ladies who were experience aggressive behavior at home had youngsters under their consideration. The exploration result additionally indicated that 75% of ladies who experienced brutality in their past relationship were reluctant to get hitched. Kasturirangan (2008) recorded that abusive behavior at home were prompting ladies endeavoring self destruction. The measurements broke down indicated that out of ten ladies who endeavored self destruction four were because of residential attacks. The examination likewise found that abusive behavior at home were driving reason for self destruction among ladies in Australia. McPhedran and Baker (2012) explore on interminable torment conditions found that abusive behavior at home was a significant reason. Aggressive behavior at home caused enthusiastic and mental brutality that prompted pressure. The incessant torment conditions made an individual endure body torment strangely because of inappropriate body working. Moynihan (2012) additionally found that aggressive behavior at home was a significant reason for psychosomatic scatters. People physical ailments were exacerbate by the psychological components that the casualties were experiencing through. These states of mind that cause psychomatic clutters were pressure and uneasiness. Baird (2008) built up in his exploration that aggressive behavior at home is preventable. He found that in spite of the numerous components that prompted DVAW, it conceivable to forestall or prevent from repeating. They additionally found that the significant reasons for viciousness against ladies were because of inconsistent dispersion of assets and force in a family. What's more, an adherence to old unbending sexual orientation jobs that implied individuals in a relationship living as ladylike and manly. Loxton et al (2006) in their exploration found that there were three accepted procedures to forestall savagery against ladies. These deterrent measures are particular and their mediations are explicit. They incorporate essential avoidance, auxiliary anticipation and tertiary counteraction. Essential anticipation alluded to an avoidance component applied to the entire populace with a target of guaranteeing savagery doesn't occur. This strategy planned for sharpening the populace against ladies based brutality. Furthermore is the auxiliary avoidance that objectives early indications of aggressive behavior at home. This preventive technique is explicit to networks, people, or setting from raising in viciousness. Thirdly, the tertiary anticipation strategy alluded to reaction to keep away from repeat of abusive behavior at home. This technique looks to limit brutality sway by halting the viciousness. Empowering influences and boundaries of best practices The empowering agents of best acts of forestalling DVAW are as per the following; Accessibility of imparting medium: Following the present web inclusion and media empowers the accepted procedures to be actualized in advising the entire populace to stay away from brutality against ladies from occurring. Accessibility of sufficient expert: There are accessible experts to offer direction on how survivors of aggressive behavior at home can recuperate and stay away from it impacts. There are sufficient prepared clinicians, medical attendants and specialists that can help in guaranteeing the effects of aggressive behavior at home are overseen at their beginning periods. The obstruction or impediments of actualizing the prescribed procedures are as per the following; Inability to report: Ignorance or late announcing of abusive behavior at home cases will block the usage of best practices to contain and forestall further antagonistic impacts. Absence of government support: Inadequate help from the administration in executing best practices can block the anticipation of DVAW by upholding it not occurring by any means. Insufficient assets: The inaccessibility or absence of assets to run the crusade against abusive behavior at home on ladies can upset the usage of the prescribed procedures. It expects assets to fund battle on web or in the media. Moral ramifications Coming up next are moral ramifications related with the examination venture; Make the exploration comprehensive: There is a need while enlisting the center gathering to guarantee all partners are incorporated and ensuring powerless people in the examination. Intentional educated assent: Participants in the exploration should be acquired deliberately. This moral ramifications guarantees that there is regard of people tried out the examination. Free survey of potential advantages and dangers: This moral ramifications involves that members need to autonomously evaluate hazards in the proposed look into. This will guarantee that the dangers are sensible contrasted with the potential advantages. Regarding research members: The exploration proposition includes talking with individuals about their own life which will require regard for human condition. The members will likewise require to be secured. End DVAW is a significant reason for sickness and demise among ladies in Australia. The impacts of abusive behavior at home among ladies have unfriendly effect on their monetary and social expenses. Abusive behavior at home in Australia are generally brought about by inconsistent circulation of assets and force among ladies and men and adherences to characterized sexual orientation jobs that are inflexible that mean individuals in relationship to live as female and manly. DVAW is preventable by executing three prescribed procedures that are essential counteraction, optional anticipation and tertiary avoidance. In synopsis it basic to think about the moral ramifications of the exploration proposition References Baird, K. (2008). Supporting ladies after abusive behavior at home Hilary Abrahams Supporting ladies after aggressive behavior at home Jessica Kingsley 160 19.99 9781843104315 1843104318. Essential Health Care, 18(2), pp.8-8. Coker, D. (2016). Abusive behavior at home and Social Justice. Savagery Against Women, 22(12), pp.1426-1437. Fresh, B. (2011). Abusive behavior at home in Rural Australia. Social Work Education, 30(1), pp.115-117. Humanrights.gov.au. (2017). Viciousness against ladies in Australia (2017) | Australian Human Rights Commission. [online] Available at: https://www.humanrights.gov.au/entries/savagery against-ladies a

Controlling Endogeneity in Strategic Management Research †Sample

Question: Depict about the Controlling For Endogeneity With Instrumental Variables In Strategic Management Research? Answer: Presentation: A Joint Venture is a business understanding where there is association of gatherings and they one for a particular related extend and contribute together to frame new value and new resources. Both the gatherings practices command over the venture and offer all the costs incomes together. It tends to be named as an endeavor under guidelines of Company Law. A joint endeavor is generally done explicitly for a specific timespan identified with a specific task. In this both the gatherings tag along and similarly put their offer as far as cash, time and endeavors to develop the undertaking once more. This examination is been finished by the worldwide vitality area to build up a joint endeavor model and a turn of events and appraisal device. This device speaks to an appropriate strategy and approach which can give confirms on present day business knowledge so the potential accomplices of a business endeavor can evaluate the joint endeavor effectively and discover the fundamental budgetary and innovative capacities of the business in general. There must be a decent score card strategy associated with request to check the mindful accomplices of the endeavor that could be made included. This sort of models can be utilized by the business endeavor to extend their business potential and development and by along these lines organizations can moderate or lower their dangers of vulnerabilities and they can likewise turn into a piece of the partners also. Investigation of the Joint Venture Enterprise Chosen: The joint endeavor venture picked for this examination work is Eskom Enterprises. The organization was created in the year 1999 and it is a completely claimed auxiliary of Eskom. The fundamental reason for the undertaking was to wander into various outside nations, for example, in South America, India, Middle East and so forth. The vitality segment is a worldwide activity that prompts mechanical improvement which thus prompts the age of the monetary advancement of a country in general. We realize that in Africa the national economy isn't sufficient and is generally unevolved in nature. Through such financial advancement programs the organization appreciates both political and monetary help to create Africas vitality division. The organization ought to likewise develop the capacity to support upper hand and globalize itself as an amazing business sector alongside accessible assets. There must be a joint effort alongside different players in the market with the goal that this sort of challenge can be survived. As of late the organization is burdened with a poor reputation of joint endeavors, especially those identified with African market itself. The organization has an arrangement of around 55 ventures and it was construed from the confirmations that every one of them had a type of joint effort alongside dif ferent organizations also. 26% of the activities have been cultivated, 47% are under work in progress and the remaining have flopped in execution and usage (Bascle, 2008). There must be convincing elements included which would ask different organizations to join the association, for example, hazard sharing, hierarchical learning and encouraging worldwide development. The key drivers related with joint endeavor: Create choices: There are numerous dangers included and connected with any business venture in this manner it is important to check such dangers if organizations can converge with a specific organization or not. The financial specialists should effectively guarantee every one of these dangers related and create sensible choices in the early arranging stage to deal with the creation in different levels. There must be standard speculation and exchange rehearses which could make issues identified with remote trade, bookkeeping and duty administers moreover. In the procurement setting, it would mean age of elective methods of paying the investors as far as their own offers (Bourhis Leduc, 2009). Concentrate on Long term rivalry: The joint endeavor organizations are constantly refereed as solid contenders. Some of the time it is seen that the remote financial specialists lose entire of its items from the source advertise and in some cases they likewise get related with past joint endeavor organizations also. There is consistently a hazard or vulnerability of empowering or setting up a contender. Consequently it is important to assess all the vital perspectives in such manner and as per the previously mentioned truth (Bromiley, Navarro Sottile, 2008). Information about the accomplices intentions: There must be a need of dynamic cooperation as far as operational work that will be finished. Once in a while remote speculators by and large join a benefit making rationale just yet they can't adjust it to the key attack of the organization all in all. On the off chance that the organizations accompany a vital rationale, at that point the accomplices can pick up innovation, ability and can eventually grow new item and procedures. Such thought processes are both community just as serious in nature. It is likewise important to keep up the brand name and notoriety of the parent organization accordingly it is fundamental to explore all the potential records related with the accomplice so that no non administrative movement develops (DeSarbo Grewal, 2008). Characterizing the business sectors and items: It is exceptionally basic to examine and close the joint endeavors items in its center markets. This can regularly prompt covering with every others items just as business sectors and explicit commitments of the gatherings can likewise contend alongside one another. Hence it is important to request none contending responsibilities from the asset accomplices after the understanding is finished. Innovation move: This is where outside financial specialists items are for the most part presented to the market. In this manner it is the obligation to benefit all the legally binding and reasonable defends and use them to create items in the market. The innovation being utilized must be divided and recognized with the goal that the center competency isn't uncovered. The basic pieces of the innovation ought to be isolated as far as center skillful parts and the essential materials should be sent to the joint endeavor by the outside organization. It is important to hold the proprietorship and all the upgrades that have been executed. All the following estimates must be refreshed and fundamentally checked ('Corporate supportability', 2008). Duty to the procedure: Joint Ventures are mind boggling substances that consummation of them requires thorough duty of the executives assets by the gatherings. The drafting and arrangement process must be done successfully so as to agree. Advantages Associated with the Joint Venture: So as to break down the advantages of Joint Ventures the accomplices must understand the basic components that help in forming the business system of the organization and furthermore recognizes different connections among every one of the determinants in setting of the way of life of the organization. The various components are as per the following: Innovation Strategy: This is connected with the administration and mechanical resources of the organization and the general joining of corporate vital purpose so that there is an ensurance of abilities with modern benchmark. Money related Strategy: This is identified with the approaches and instruments to guarantee manageability and benefit of the organization alongside budgetary success (Fraser, 2008). Human Capital: This is identified with the individuals or workers of the organization that an organization utilizes and the accessible limit of the organization that can be connected with the human ability and information on these individuals. Ecno-world of politics: This is introduced as the political elements that is accessible inside a specific locale or nation and this effect overallly affects the national economy too (Lee, Zhao Ma, 2010). The Joint endeavor must have great organization capacities which can be shown as a worth included point of view for the organization. There must be a legitimate cooperative energy made by all the individual givers. It is accepted that acceptable joint endeavor not just untruth just in the execution of the task yet additionally in precision of choosing the partner accomplice too. A decent organization is the one that can enhance the whole range of the joint endeavors essential just as optional business exercises. It should likewise help in ling term dynamic of the organization alongside benefit making business related with the business exercises. Subsequent to mapping the capacities by a potential accomplice the endeavor improvement administrator can increase an all encompassing perspective on the joint abilities of the association firms too and if any holes are available those holes can likewise be distinguished by the potential accomplices. All the abilities of a business firm shoul d be coordinated alongside the business standard also. Potential issues with the Joint Venture: Each organization alongside its asset accomplice has a few issues identified with the development or benefit making capacity of the business. Both the organizations had a solid spotlight on persuing speculation openings in the vitality part. The joint endeavor will emphatically concentrate on the private value venture openings in the vitality segment. The business will unequivocally concentrate on private value interests in those organizations who are locked in with oil and gas creation, mining and vitality administrations and other related operational work. There is an arrangement of the joint dare to target yearly speculation openings between USD $100 million and USD $ 200 million (Shaw, 2000). The organization is intending to contribute as a solid enterprising supervisory groups who have a solid dependable system that can prompt development and advancement and this will prompt making of qualities dependent on upper hands and economical development of the business all in all. The joint endeavor may likewise reinforce the vital, operational, monetary and specialized abilities of the separate associations to put and develop in the operat

Visual language Essay Example for Free

Visual language Essay One of the manners by which the writers bring out what the individuals resemble through the language of the two sonnets is by utilizing comparisons. In Two Scavengers the writer utilizes the analogy like some beast Quasimodo to represent that the canister man is unattractive. The analogy the workers came like multitudes of flies and hummed the name of God a hundred times in Night of the Scorpion recommends that the laborers are hurrying to the fascination and are likewise strict, yet irritating like humming flies. The artists additionally use similitudes like dark iron hair suggesting that the canister man is old and tired. Tossing monster scorpion shadows represents the measure of mental force the scorpion holds, and as the sonnet is a composition sonnet composed by the perspective of a kid looking as his mom is chomped by a scorpion, this announcement stresses how alarmed the youngster more likely than not been. The laborers are alluded to as they indicating that they are removed from the kid. The artist of Two Scavengers utilizes no accentuation, so the various lengths of the sentences cause the respite impacts. The artist of Night of the Scorpion utilizes embodiment by saying fire benefiting from my mom. He utilizes reiteration for they said indicating that the workers state a great deal of things yet sit idle, he likewise applies reiteration to additional to underline the way that progressively superfluous and excess laborers who won't help the difficulty are coming, and uses redundancy for May to maybe show that the workers are questionable of what great can come out of this awful occasion. The Night of the Scorpion is written in free section with various line lengths and no rhyme. The structure of Two Scavengers is likewise very free as the writer utilizes another line for an interruption, rather than accentuation. In the structure of Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes, there is a differentiation inside the title. This sonnet appears to be divided and separated on the page and this may propose the wrecked idea of society. The lines of this sonnet cover so the components of the characters lives cover, yet are isolated from the two unmistakable universes, along these lines the sonnet looks like the truth. The last line of the sonnet which comprises of three sections is isolated from the verse above to show how removed majority rule government is from them. The word majority rule government is secluded from the sonnet , subsequently making an accentuation on the word, and furthermore featuring the center issue all through the sonnet. In Night of the Scorpion likewise to Two Scavengers the last sentence is isolated from the remainder of the sonnet too. The explanation behind this could be on the grounds that the mother is frail all through the sonnet, however gets solid toward the end. Likewise, it could be because of the way that it is the main time the mother has spoken in the sonnet. The distinctions of the language in these two sonnets are that Two Scavengers uses visual language to depict the characters appearances: this impact makes a picture in the perusers mind not at all like Night of the Scorpion which portrays the activities and discourse of the characters instead. In my conclusion, Two Scavengers in a Truck is additionally engaging taking into account the way that it keeps the peruser thinking, besides it powers the peruser to scrutinize the world we live in and whether there is a thing, for example, majority rules system, and how we should be living in a cutting edge world and present day culture in which everybody is equivalent, however is that actually the truth? Be that as it may, Night of the Scorpion has a significant impact as well, by introducing a shocking circumstance which speaks to the earnestness of the absence of wellbeing and clinical consideration in poor nations. It is additionally an inspiring sonnet which shows a family never surrend ering trust. Correspondingly, the two sonnets contain strife: Two Scavengers is between two universes and whether majority rule government exists by any stretch of the imagination, and Night of the Scorpion is a battle between keeping up expectation and confidence and surrendering to your feelings of trepidation and doubts. Despite the effect of Night of the Scorpion if the peruser was not from an underdeveloped nation, they would most likely discover Two Scavengers in a Truck all the more engaging as it talks about issues which are important and huge to them in their nation and culture, besides it banters about issues which would really have any kind of effect to them and influence them in the event that they are as far as anyone knows living in a vote based system. In actuality, if the peruser was from a poor nation and had encountered or seen absence of clinical consideration, they would no doubt incline toward Night of the Scorpion as it uncovered issues which they would discover pertinent.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a Middle Englis Essay Example For Students

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a Middle Englis Essay h sentiment sonnet composed byan mysterious West Midlands artist likewise credited with a ton of different sonnets composed duringthat time. The hero, Sir Gawain, endures two tests: a test, which he alonewithout the help of King Arthurs knights acknowledges, to guillotine the fearsome GreenKnight and to let him fight back a year later at the far off Green Chapel; and the temptationto submit infidelity with the spouse of Lord Bercilakin reality the Green Knightin whosecastle he remains in on the way to the house of prayer. This story is significant of life; how it issuestests and challenges and the outcomes rendered because of falling flat or succeedingthese challenges. Sir Gawain acknowledging the demand from the Green Knight in a split second spoke to something that knighthood spoke to, boldness. Individuals acknowledge those sort of demands ordinary. This might be the place the term staying your neck out could have originate from. At the point when individuals acknowledge demands, most would prefer not to acknowledge the outcomes because of being ineffective. Gawain dislike this. At the point when the year passed he bravely mounted his pony and set off for the Green Chapel. This indicated Gawain was daring. This was gone before by the notice Beware, Gawain, that you not end a deceiver of your deal through dread. Along this excursion Gawain faces danger and self-hesitance as the components and the ceaseless quest for the house of prayer individually. These inclination can be portrayed as the inward strife endured because of managing ones inner voice. The excursion additionally tried his confidence as in he was continually in supplication during his venture, and not once did he revile or deny the name of God. It appears as though the supplications were what kept Gawain normal and concentrated on the motivation behind his excursion. Gawains supplications were replied when he rode along lastly happened upon a spot that he could request of for conceivable rest. This château would be the setting for Gawains next test. The test works as he eats with the court and finds that a specific woman has an enthusiasm for knowing Gawain somewhat better. The woman is later to be known as the spouse of Bercilak - otherwise known as- the Green Knight. This is appeared as allurement. The woman attempts to entice Gawain while Betilak is away on a chasing outing. Gawain opposes each advance made by the woman but a kiss for which he specifies in admission. Gawain is given a band by the woman which is said to shield the wearer from hurt. Hesitantly he acknowledges the scarf and does not disclose to Bercilak that he got this from the woman. He does this since he puts his trust in a material thing rather than God to shield him from hurt. This will end up being one of Gawains barely any ruins in this story. Gawain sets out for the Chapel and finds the Green Knight there sharpening his hatchet. Gawain twisting around for the pass up the knight. At the point when this happens Gawain recoils and is chastised by the knight for doing as such. The knight raises the hatchet for a second time and bluffs the blow once more. This time Gawain is irate at the knights perkiness. The Knight raises his hatchet for a third time and scratches Gawain on the rear of the neck. The knight clarifies that the initial two strokes were representative of the trades at the château among Gawain and the woman which he opposed, and the last blow was illustrative of Gawain bombing the last trade and tolerating the scarf instead of confidence in God. .ud171c0c912ea7c56283a6fb1fe8b752c , .ud171c0c912ea7c56283a6fb1fe8b752c .postImageUrl , .ud171c0c912ea7c56283a6fb1fe8b752c .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ud171c0c912ea7c56283a6fb1fe8b752c , .ud171c0c912ea7c56283a6fb1fe8b752c:hover , .ud171c0c912ea7c56283a6fb1fe8b752c:visited , .ud171c0c912ea7c56283a6fb1fe8b752c:active { border:0!important; } .ud171c0c912ea7c56283a6fb1fe8b752c .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ud171c0c912ea7c56283a6fb1fe8b752c { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ud171c0c912ea7c56283a6fb1fe8b752c:active , .ud171c0c912ea7c56283a6fb1fe8b752c:hover { darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ud171c0c912ea7c56283a6fb1fe8b752c .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .ud171c0c912ea7c56283a6fb1fe8b752c .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .ud171c0c912ea7c56283a6fb1fe8b752c .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ud171c0c912ea7c56283a6fb1fe8b752c .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud171c0c912ea7c56283a6fb1fe8b752c:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ud171c0c912 ea7c56283a6fb1fe8b752c .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ud171c0c912ea7c56283a6fb1fe8b752c-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ud171c0c912ea7c56283a6fb1fe8b752c:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Shakespeare Biography Essay The knight says that it could be pardoned and applauded him for being one of the most steadfast men he has ever observed. The Knight says that Gawain was cleaned of that situation and sanitized implying that man, regardless of deficiencies and contrasts, can be excused. Gawain feels that he has blamed himself and the certainty of others, however is indeed pardoned by his peers. This sonnet has a great deal to do with the manner by which man carries on with his life. Tests and challenges face man regular, and to be excused of .

Best Descriptive Essay Topics

One of the most enjoyable essays to write is a descriptive essay. Students are given the chance to recall their most memorable experiences, most favorite persons, places, things, etc. It is like a personal journal but with a more systematic flow of ideas. It is such a wonderful experience, it is like a journey to the past and a written account about a certain aspect of your life. Writing a descriptive essayshould be fun, emotional, and a bit nostalgic if you were to write something from the past. If you are overwhelmed with ideas for your descriptive essay and you are having trouble deciding on the topic that you will use, here is a list of the best descriptive essay topics.100 Best Descriptive Essay TopicsIf you are the kind of person who does not enjoy writing a descriptive essay because it is detail-oriented, these topics might change your mind:Descriptive essay topics about a personWriting about someone close to your heart can make you quite emotional. If that happens, dont suppr ess your emotions, just let them flow and be translated into writing. In that way, the readers will have a better picture of the person you are writing about. Not sure what to write about a person? Try these descriptive essay topics:Describe your motherDescribe your fatherDescribe your favorite relativeDescribe your favorite personDescribe your favorite elementary teacherDescribe a childhood friendDescribe your closest friendDescribe your first loveDescribe one aspect of a person you adore (his or her hair, fashion sense, music taste, laugh, etc.)Describe someone quirkyDescribe a celebrity you idolizeDescribe your first friend in schoolDescribe someone you used to quarrel with but is now your friendDescribe a person you missDescribe someone from your family treeDescribe your friends parent that you are close withDescribe a professor that became your friendDescribe long distance friendDescribe an internet friendDescribe a deceased loved one who is close to your heartDescriptive essay topics about a placeThroughout the years, there are places you have developed a soft spot for. You can write about why you find a certain place special and take the readers on a journey with you. You should be able to describe why this place means so much to you, may it be because of a good memory or a bad one. If you are looking for ideas how to describe places, check out these descriptive essay topics:Describe your homeDescribe your ideal homeDescribe your bedroomDescribe your first out of town destinationDescribe your elementary schoolDescribe a favorite childhood playgroundDescribe where you and your friends often hangoutDescribe your first over the seas travelDescribe your favorite childhood storeDescribe your favorite placeDescribe the place where your family bondsDescribe your favorite mallDescribe your favorite classroomDescribe the place where your first fieldwork was heldDescribe your comfort placeDescribe your neighborhoodDescribe the place where you met your first loveD escribe the place where your heart got brokenDescribe your hometownDescribe a place that only exists in your imaginationDescriptive essay topics about an objectThere are things that you cant let go of, or at least hard for you to let go of. What are those things and why do they hold a sentimental value for you? Some people even keep pieces of candy wrappers for years just because those candy wrappers remind them of an important moment in their lives, and some people hold on to an object for a long time because thats the only memory left of an important person in their lives. There are objects that are just so aesthetically pleasing that you cant get enough of it. You can share your own sentiments about an object with a descriptive essay. To give you an idea, here are the best descriptive essay topics about an object:Describe the first present you received that you can recallDescribe a personally handcrafted object that was given to youDescribe a piece of art you bought or adoreDescr ibe an unnecessary object youve been keepingDescribe the first school project you madeDescribe custom clothes given to youDescribe your lucky charmDescribe an item that gives you nostalgiaDescribe a book that changed your perspectiveDescribe an object you and your siblings or relatives fought over withHow will you describe a ball to a blind person?Describe an object you won from a contest, game, or raffleDescribe your most prized possessionDescribe the first item you bought using your savingsDescribe the first gift you ever gave to your parentsDescribe a sentimental item that your pet destroyedDescribe your favorite t-shirt you cant get rid offDescribe an item which reduces your stress in collegeDescribe your family heirloomDescribe your favorite hand-me-downsDescriptive essay topics about a memoryGreat things happen in a blink of an eye, do you agree? Or are you fonder of the idea that great things take time? Whatever your stand is, you have those great moments in your life you wil l always remember. But the most memorable moments are not always great, sometimes those moments are the most painful ones. Whether it be good or bad, as long as it made a mark in your life, it is worth writing. Writing a descriptive essay is a good way to share those memories. Help the readers be immersed in your memories by writing a good descriptive essay. Havent got any idea yet? Here are some of the best descriptive essay topics about a memory:Describe your most memorable birthday celebrationDescribe the oldest memoryDescribe your most memorable outingDescribe your favorite bonding with your parentsDescribe your most memorable out of the country experienceDescribe your greatest heartbreakDescribe an awkward moment you cannot forgetDescribe your most memorable childhood prank with your friendsDescribe your happiest memoryDescribe your loneliest memoryDescribe a memory of a deceased loved oneDescribe your favorite summer vacationDescribe your favorite family reunionDescribe your m ost memorable holiday celebrationDescribe the scariest moment of your lifeDescribe the most memorable first encounter with a friendDescribe your first week in schoolDescribe your favorite childhood memoryDescribe the most memorable film for youDescribe a childhood hobby you cannot forgetDescriptive essay topics about an experienceIn your life, you have encountered situations which shaped you to be the person that you are right now. These experiences may have started a new phase or ended an old one in your life. These experiences might be the reason why you do what you do right now, or why you have gained a certain perspective about life. These experiences definitely changed you the way you least expect. What are those experience? Be an inspiration to someone by writing a descriptive essay about it. Here is a list of the best descriptive essay topics about an experience:Describe a tragic experience that lead you to a dark phaseDescribe your dark phaseDescribe an experience that pulle d you out of your dark phaseDescribe the creepiest experience youve ever hadDescribe an embarrassing experienceDescribe your first volunteer opportunityDescribe your part time job or internship experienceDescribe a typhoon experienceDescribe your first experience in an islandDescribe your first experience in a forestDescribe your experience in an immersionDescribe an unexpected experience that changed your lifeDescribe an unforgettable funny experienceDescribe your most exciting experienceDescribe your first theme park experienceDescribe your first promDescribe your first dateDescribe a challenging experience that motivated you to become betterDescribe an experience that pushed you beyond your limitsDescribe an experience you find extremely amusingGhostwriting services for studentsWhile writing a descriptive essay may seem fun to many, some students might find it tedious. Why? There are students who are not really engaged into writing and they view detail-oriented essays like descri ptive essay as hard and tiresome. If you have seen the list of the best descriptive essay topics and you still find yourself uninterested or unmotivated, then you might want to resort to other options. In order for a descriptive essay to be effective, it must be written from the heart. If you dont have the time to reflect, just leave the work to online writing services like . We can write a perfectly crafted descriptive essay for you. We can help you with all your academic struggles.

The Three Penny Opera and the Musical Gestus of Kurt Weill - Literature Essay Samples

In a 1929 review of The Threepenny Opera, Felix Salten wrote:the young Weill’s music is as characteristic as Brecht’s language, as electrifying in its rhythm as the lines of the poems, as deliberately and triumphantly trivial and full of allusions as the popularizing rhymes, as witty in the jazz treatment of the instruments, as contemporary, high-spirited and full of mood and aggression, as the text.(qtd. in Hinton, 188)These characteristics which Salten describes seem to relate to the concept of gestus, which is a difficult word to interpret but nevertheless has become the crucial link connecting Brecht’s theories of acting, playwriting and theatrical production. In epic theatre, actors become demonstrators of a character, rather than the characters themselves (rather than using Stanislavsky’s method of acting, which relies on an actor â€Å"stepping into a character’s shoes†). Brecht intended his actors to always remember that they were pla ying another person’s story and emotions. Most importantly, epic performers are always concerned with wider social relations, rather than the egoism of becoming wrapped up in one’s character. Gestus expresses these wider social relations with â€Å"the idea of contradiction and opposition and the need to find a visible and theatrically effective way of expressing both opposites and the unity of these opposites† (Morley 186)1. Simply put, the gestus is the portrayal of the theatrical moment that expresses the social relationships and attitudes with which the play is concerned. The intended effect upon the audience is verfremdungseffekt, literally, â€Å"the effect of making strange.†2 This would force the audience to examine their environments by removing from the performance that which they took for granted.As a composer, Weill contributed to the gestic concept of The Threepenny Opera by creating ways to musically assist the performer in showing the appro priate attitude at any given moment. The music, Brecht said, â€Å"became an active collaborator in the stripping bare of the middleclass corpus of ideas† (Brecht on Theatre, 85-6). Music deliberately set at odds with its lyrics works to emphasize the satirical nature of The Threepenny Opera and the folly of its bourgeois characters. Musically, Ronald Taylor suggests that gestic music is initially expressed â€Å"in ‘the rhythmic disposition of the text’, then driven home by the insistent rhythms and spiky harmonies of the accompaniment and given its final penetrative edge in the brash, intrusive jazz-band instrumentation, the sharpest weapon in Weill’s satirical armoury† (137). While Peter W. Ferran and others are concerned mostly with the lyrical gestus of The Threepenny Opera, the lyrical gestus goes hand-in-hand with the musical gestus (as described by Weill and Taylor) in each song,3 and it is the combination of the two that makes the songs eff ective. These different gesti serve to create one large gestus, through which the piece’s intentions and satirical social attitudes are conveyed to an audience. In order to show these attitudes musically, Weill deliberately rejected traditional Handelian opera and wrote a jazzy, syncopated, dissonant score, working in melodies from popular North and South American music, which were a fad in Berlin at the time (Fuegi 199). This music encapsulated the ironic tone of Brecht’s lyrics4 and libretto5, satirizing the workings of both traditional opera and the German bourgeoisie.This satirical gest is thrust upon the audience at the very moment the orchestra strikes its first note of the performance. The instrumentation shuns the traditionally operatic string ensemble in favor of saxophones, trumpets, trombones, timpani, banjo and harmonium (Sanders 115). The prologue’s description of an opera â€Å"so cheap even a beggar can afford it†6 is followed by a mockingl y pompous Baroque-like overture, which is harmonically minor and rhythmically plodding. The listener can almost imagine Weill’s mocking grin as he first wrote the scale-based, repetitive melody and the Haydn-like sforzandos7 of every single beat. As Foster Hirsch notes, the overture is in 3/4 (as are a good number of Threepenny songs), â€Å"but asymmetrically and with unpredictable, seemingly inept voice-leading within its repeated chords† (44). This style unseats the audience from the very beginning; it becomes clear that â€Å"here is a music which will speak with a forked tongue† (Taylor 137).The Ballad of Mac the Knife (â€Å"Moritat vom Mackie Messer†), in the historically recognizable Bà ¤nkelgesang format, is a perfect example of a work that matches the gestical. According to Peter W. Ferran, â€Å"a Bà ¤nkelsà ¤nger was a medieval and early Renaissance balladeer who traveled the central European countryside performing a type of admonitory son g about legendary figuresOne species of Bà ¤nkelgesang was the Moritat, which celebrated – in moralizing form, with the aid of illustrated placards – the heinous deeds perpetrated by notorious criminals† (7-8).The music for â€Å"Mac the Knife† is based on the motto tune,8 which, according to Hans Keller, proves not only the melodic, but also the harmonic cell of much of the work (147). The added sixth, which David Drew calls the â€Å"Moritat-motif† (151), is a common device in jazz composition, providing a somewhat jarring feel to the entire structure. This discordance is due to the sixth’s quality as â€Å"the inhibitory degree par excellence, because its opposition to the tonic is based on the strongest possible measure of agreementhence the arch-inhibition, the interrupted cadence V-VIthe added sixth is the rightest ‘wrong’ note† (Keller 147).The ballad is played at an easy, blues-like tempo and with a deceptive near -repetition of its sixteen-measure melody (Fuegi 202). As Kim Kowalke notices, â€Å"each stanza after the first two is clothed in new musical attire pieced together from altered instrumentation, rhythmic patterns, countermelodies, and dynamics† (qtd. in Fuegi 202). The lull of the 4/4 blues stands in marked contrast to the lyrics, which read like a rap sheet of Macheath’s crimes:By the Thames’s turbid watersMen abruptly tumble down.Is it plague or is it cholera?Or a sign Macheath’s in town? (3PO 3)9The list is rather long, encompassing nine stanzas. One gets the feeling that this is only the beginning of the extensiveness of Macheath’s transgressions, as if the Street Singer could go on listing Macheath’s crimes for an entire evening.Here, Weill’s sentimental melody and Brecht’s biting lyrics work together to jab at the bourgeois audiences who constantly occupied the Berlin opera scene. The hypocrisy of the bourgeoisie is expo sed, drawing a parallel between the criminals of Macheath’s world, who drown men and rape women, and the criminals of Berlin’s financial world, who add to their personal wealth by robbing the poor. Macheath echoes this sentiment in Act Three: â€Å"What’s breaking into a bank compared with founding a bank? What’s murdering a man compared with employing a man?† (3PO 76).Geoffrey Abbott tells us that in the original production of Threepenny Opera, Weill used â€Å"Mac the Knife† as an instrumental accompaniment to Macheath’s entrances, with the style corresponding to the mood of the particular scene. For example, when Macheath is being led to the gallows, the song was to be played â€Å"as a funeral march† (168). Apparently, this device is no longer commonly used in productions of Threepenny Opera, but it may be useful to remember Brecht and Weill’s satiric intent in the production, while also remembering that parody and s atire are created partly by repetition. It is possible that in repeating â€Å"Mac the Knife† throughout the production, Brecht and Weill were taking a subtle swipe at the world of opera music (which constantly repeats melodic themes, but in all seriousness), as well as the world of the German upper class, whose circumstances may vary, but core â€Å"melody† (or way of life) remains the same.The Moritat-motif of the added sixth crops up again in â€Å"Peachum’s Morning Hymn† (â€Å"Morgenchorale des Peachum†), in which Jonathan Peachum cynically tells the audience of his world, which is full of dishonest criminals. The song is delivered as a deliberate, sanctimonious waltz in a dirge-like minor key, reading like a sermon and accompanied by a large organ. (Melodically, we have already classified this as one of the â€Å"Moritat-motif†; however, rhythmically and stylistically, we could call this the â€Å"Peachum-motif†.) Peachum sees h imself as above these â€Å"ramshackle Christians† (3PO 5), although the â€Å"angry pietism† (Sanders 115) that Peachum delivers is hardly fitting for a man who runs a business outfitting beggars and taking a fifty-percent cut of their meager earnings. Non and Nick Worrall note that Peachum’s angry character especially comes through in the original German text, â€Å"Verschacher dein Ehweib, du Wicht!† (â€Å"And sell your old woman, you rat!† [lxvi]) These guttural consonants enable the actor playing Peachum to spit out his words with a pious fury that clearly illustrates his character from the very beginning. Peachum commonly sings in a slow, even manner, as if he realizes his hypocrisies and hopes that his style will do the proselytizing for him.Drew suggests that by using this repetition of the added sixth, the chord acquires, during the course of the score, a signalling [sic] function so prominent that one may well describe it as the Dreigros chenoper chord (Drew 151). He describes the use of the Dreigroschenoper chord and the Moritat-motif as necromantic conjurations (150) but does not explain the dramatic connotations of the motif. By using these two examples listed above, it is possible to find a dramatic through-line within a melodic through-line, and in doing so, find Weills satirical gestus in these tunes. The two songs together constitute a single message to the audience, using the Moritat-motif as a grouping mechanism. First, the Street Singer appears and tells us the story of Macheath, with his knife â€Å"not in such an obvious place† (3PO 3). This scene immediately gives way to Peachum’s song, in which we see another man who takes advantage of the poor, albeit by a less violent means.10Later in the first act, Macheath and Peachum’s daughter Polly are married in a stable with Macheath’s cohorts as witnesses. After the men are unable to provide an adequate wedding song (â€Å"Wedding Song for the Less Well-Off† or â€Å"Hochzeits-Lied†), Polly volunteers her talents for the entertainment. The song, â€Å"Pirate Jenny† (â€Å"Seerà ¤uberjenny†) is the story of a barmaid that Polly saw in a dive bar in Soho. The barmaid, fuming over her customers’ ill treatment of her, predicts that one day a pirate ship â€Å"with eight sails and all its fifty guns loaded† (3PO 20) will appear in the harbor and destroy the entire town, save Pirate Jenny herself. The song is based on Senta’s revenge ballad in Wagner’s The Flying Dutchman, and here Weill creates a similar â€Å"quasi-Wagnerian atmosphere of mystery and lofty expectation, translated into neurotic twentieth-century terms† (Sanders 117). The song has two contrasting sections: the breathless patter of the verse, in which Polly describes the actual process of killing the lot, and the slow, sustained, awe-filled description of the ships (the instruments of d estruction) in the chorus.However, it would be a mistake to interpret this song as an empowering ballad for either women or the lower classes, as it has sometimes been described. Foster Hirsch notes that if â€Å"Pirate Jenny† were sung as a conventional opera, Jenny’s revenge would have been accompanied by â€Å"the orchestra crashing in andthe soprano spinning through endless histrionic roulades to denote her triumphant retribution† (46). But as we see, when the pirates ask Jenny who of the town will die, she answers softly, â€Å"the lot! And as the first heads roll, I’ll say: hoppla!† (3PO 21) In Weill’s score, Jenny’s â€Å"hoppla† is spoken a cappella. Hirsch suggests that this inflection is akin to today’s â€Å"whatever,† a flippant phrase deadened of emotion and devoid of meaning (46). The chilling chord progression moves towards the dominant but never resolves, leaving Jenny to sail off in uncertainty, r ather than a flourish of newly-found strength.â€Å"The First Threepenny Finale – Concerning the Insecurity of the Human Condition† (â€Å"I. Dreigroschenfinale†), features the Peachums and their daughter, Polly. Peter W. Ferran rightly points out that there are two vocal modes at work here (15). The first is personal (â€Å"Is it much that I desire?†), in a major key and a quick tempo. This illustrates Polly’s naivetà © in what she thinks to be love: she wants to â€Å"enjoy a man’s embraces† (3PO 32), not realizing (yet) that her new husband has at least three other lovers on the side. Peachum cuts in with his pious moralizing, complete with a Bible in hand. (Notice the reappearance of our â€Å"Peachum-motif†: the allegro tempo of Polly’s words pull back into Peachum’s deliberate, sustained delivery accompanied by the organ.) The impersonal second vocal mode takes over here (â€Å"Who would disagree?†) and Ferran notes the shift from a description of the Peachum’s own circumstances into an observation of common worldly attitudes (15). Finally, the song ends with a â€Å"‘last-word’ rhythmic gesture: eight measures of decisive, sixteenth- and eighth- note diatonic finality in G minor, half a step higher than the song’s concluding F-sharp minor† (17). This tonal shift seems to musically symbolize the universality of the message: â€Å"the world is mean† (Blitzstein). The song is sung in multiple keys, and therefore, its message is applicable in multiple societies.Macheath and Jenny’s â€Å"Ballad of Immoral Earnings† (Zuhà ¤lterballade) is probably the best example of the contrast between music and lyrics in Threepenny Opera. The song is written as a tango, a South American style most often associated with exoticism and romance. Although the meter of tango is a rather simple 2/4, the marcato quarter-note drives the beat and is overlaid with a somewhat complex pattern of dotted-eighth and dotted-sixteenth notes, followed by a pair of eighth notes. (This is what tango dancers refer to when they describe the â€Å"slow, slow, quick, quick, slow† rhythm.) Again, the syncopation subtly reminds the audience of the current jazz craze in Berlin, while giving them enough of an uneven rhythm to keep them from being lulled into a sense of complacency. The marcato quarter-note plays a huge role here – each note is a new attack, rather than every note moving gracefully into the next. (This can be compared to the repeating sforzandos of the Threepenny â€Å"Overture†.) The minor key exudes a false romanticism, especially when one considers the lyrics, which are most definitely un-romantic. Tango music and dance were new to Europe in the early 1920s, and Weill seems to have used this novel and complex style to underscore the fact that Macheath and Jenny’s relationship (or, rather, sexual arra ngement) is anything but simple; rather, it is a patter of syncopated, sadomasochistic attacks. Jenny describes how Macheath would â€Å"knock [her] headlong down the stairs† (3PO 44). The final verse tells the story of Macheath accidentally impregnating Jenny, but to take care of the problem, they â€Å"flushed it down the sewer† (3PO 44). Alienation here is expressed in the contrast between the music and the lyrics. Just as importantly, it is expressed in the lovers’ use of the third person when describing each other in a duet (â€Å"She was generally booked up† [3PO 44]). The epilogue to this song, in which Jenny betrays Macheath, can be seen as another verse illustrating this violent relationship. Through the song and the following scene, the world of Threepenny Opera clearly emerges: no one is to be trusted, and anyone will betray anyone in order to earn their thirty pieces of silver.This idea connects with the next song, The Second Threepenny Finale – What Keeps Mankind Alive? (â€Å"II. Dreigroschenfinale†), which ends Act Two. It is in this song that Brecht seems to become expressly political. It is actually composed of three separate systems. Ronald Sanders describes the first system as appropriately starkthe least operatic of the scores finales, this number sounds like a nightmarish version of a Salvation Army hymn, a choral preachment turned into an antibourgeois black mass (121). It is in this system which Macheath and Jenny utter the famous lines, Food is the first thing/ Morals follow on and Mankind can keep alive thanks to its brilliance in keeping its humanity repressed (3PO 55). Men live by feasting upon each other, and morality ought not to be discussed as long as the poor are still starving.Macheath takes over the second system, asking, What keeps mankind alive? It is important to note here that the question is not, What keeps the rich alive? The question is extended to all of humanity. In this way, Brecht and Weill work together to form the idea that all men survive by bestial acts (3PO 56), be it the wealthy Berliners in the audience, men like Jonathan Peachum, or common prostitutes like Jenny. Therefore, the audience should be left to think about the complicated way in which the human race survives, regardless of social status. It is also interesting to note that Macheath sings his initial question (What keeps a man alive?) in a strong, fermata-filled rubato (as if Macheath is saying, â€Å"Listen to this†), in a major key. By doing so, he seems to infer (or at least hope) that the answer to the question is both easy and satisfactory to all. However, this is not to be, as he launches into a litany of brutal complaints against the human race, employing cannibalistic language and derisive cynicism (Blitzsteins Macheath sarcastically reminds us, Forget that theyre supposed to be his brothers).It is here that the chorus joins in for the third system. Peter W. Ferran menti ons that it is the chorus which makes the thesis statement of the song: So gentlemen, lets face reality: We all survive by criminality (17). He goes on to argue that since an operas chorus usually enunciates an eternal truth, the chorus here becomes the voice of the times, addressing the hypocrites of the world. The over-articulation of the lyrics and the music, with its booming strophes and antistrophes, pointedly keeps the audience in check, reminding them that they are the ones to be trusted with this message.Macheath has bribed Smith, an officer, to let him out of prison; however, he is betrayed again by Jenny and finds himself in prison again, waiting to be hanged. As he is led to the gallows, Peachum interrupts the action, telling the audience that he can’t risk offending them; therefore, a different ending will be substituted. Here, â€Å"justice give[s] way before humanity† (3PO 78), and in â€Å"The Third Threepenny Finale – Appearance of the Deus Ex M achina† (â€Å"III. Dreigroschenfinale†), Macheath is reprieved by Brown on horseback.Although exaggerated in its execution, Brecht instructed that the cast â€Å"must carefully carry out the formal obligations of this final chorus† (Ferran 19). This is, as Weill wrote, â€Å"an instance of the very idea of ‘opera’ being used to resolve a conflict, i.e. being given a function in establishing the plot, and consequently having to be presented in its purest and most authentic form† (qtd. in Manheim Willett, 90).Macheath is saved from the gallows, and Jonathan and Cecilia Peachum step in front of the curtain to directly address the audience and to remind them that â€Å"saviours on horseback are seldom met with practice†11 (3PO 79). The Peachum-motif appears again here, in Peachum’s deliberate rhythm and sermon-like prose. Drew notices that the â€Å"anapaestic rhythm† of the C minor allegro moderato echoes Macheath’s â€Å"Call from the Grave† and Polly’s â€Å"Pirate Jenny†, â€Å"while the continued commitment to the minor mode reinforces the idea that in truth nobody has been saved – for the world remains poor and man remains evil† (157). However, Weill and Brecht rescue us from the notion that we are doomed in an outburst of dominant seventh12 harmony. The dominant seventh is commonly used by composers, especially those of jazz, to destabilize the triad before (usually) bringing it to resolution with a major chord.13 This progression reminds the audience of the previous scene: tension and trepidation (as illustrated by the seventh chord) followed by release and freedom (as illustrated by the resolving dominant/tonic chord). Here, Macheath’s experience of being freed from the gallows is reproduced both musically and thematically for the audience.14 In addition, the question posed in the Second Finale, â€Å"What keeps mankind alive?† is twisted slightly to say, â€Å"What will keep mankind alive?† The answer is here in the final statement issued by the entire company: â€Å"Injustice should be spared from persecution: Soon it will freeze to death, for it is cold† (3PO 79). The music here, although a parody, is also â€Å"decidedly hymnicfrom piously distended melody to organlike orchestration† (Ferran 19). These four lines remind the audience to â€Å"track down injustice† (Blitzstein), but that it, too, will pass away. The implication here, however, is that the poor will freeze to death long before injustice does, so the poor had better do something about their situation before it is too late. The music here is reminiscent of many of Bach’s cantatas, in which â€Å"solos alternated with choral figures and dialogue was dressed in recitative† (Hirsch 51).Manheim and Willett’s translation has no trace of an epilogue; however, the Blitzstein version brings back the Street Sing er, who repeats the opening tune of â€Å"Mack the Knife†. This reprise brings the audience back to reality: the beggars disappear into the shadows while the Street Singer laments that â€Å"we divide up those in darkness from the ones who walk in light† (Blitzstein). In typical Brechtian form, the final lines are a challenge to the audience. This denies them a final resolution, and therefore, catharsis. As Brecht wrote, this gives the end of the opera a sense of â€Å"consequence-less-ness† (qtd. in Ferran, 20), since the final message of the opera is one that spurs the audience into action.But with all of its success (from the 1928 opening up to current productions), it still seems that the 1928 Berlin bourgeois audience satirized by Brecht and Weill either missed the satirical gestus of the play or reveled in it, using the play to justify its own corruption. The critique of capitalism in The Threepenny Opera became profitable,15 and not only for Weill and Bre cht. Within weeks of the show’s opening, a ‘3-Groschen-Bar’ opened in Berlin, which, as Franz Jung noted, attracted â€Å"whoever considered themselves part of culture† (qtd. in Hinton 58) and played only music from The Threepenny Opera. One store even sold Threepenny Opera wallpaper, so that a bourgeois fan could decorate a kitchen with pink and yellow images of the killer, Macheath, and his favorite prostitute, Jenny (Taylor 145). Brecht lamented the show’s success, since it was due to â€Å"everything that didn’t matter to me: the romantic plot, the love story, the music† (qtd. in Kowalke, â€Å"The Threepenny Opera in America†, 78), rather than the critique of society. However, Weill still viewed the show as a success, despite the fact that it had become â€Å"industrialised†: this, he said, â€Å"speaks for it rather than against it, and we should be lapsing into the errors of our old ways if we were to deny the imp ortance and quality of a piece of music simply because it had become popular among the masses† (qtd. in Taylor 146).In his essay â€Å"Gestus and Music,† Weill wrote: â€Å"The structure of an opera is faulty if a dominant place is not given to the music in its total structure and the execution of its smallest part. The music of an opera may not leave to the libretto and the stage-setting the whole task of carrying the dramatic action and its idea; it must be actively involved in the presentation of the individual episode† (29). In The Threepenny Opera, the music combines with the lyrics in various ways to ultimately create â€Å"a new type of musical theatre† (qtd. in Manheim and Willett, 90). These combinations, rather than the individual songs on their own, make Weill’s composition a minor work of gestic genius.Notes1 Morley’s essay discusses gestic music generally; I hope to use his statements as a springboard to discuss the specific use of gestic music in The Threepenny Opera.2 In English, this is commonly referred to as â€Å"the alienation effect.†3 Space prevents me from describing all twenty-two songs; therefore, I will concentrate on the ones which I feel best illustrate this concept.4 Unless quoting a work which uses another translation, I use Manheim Willett’s translation of The Threepenny Opera (London: Methuen Publishing, 2005). The original German is often used in scholarly works, but not translated into English. I have listed both for clarity. Some of my analysis requires the use of Blitzstein’s translation; these are appropriately noted.5 Although Brecht is often credited with adapting John Gay’s Beggar’s Opera, The Threepenny Opera was almost entirely the work of his assistant, Elisabeth Hauptmann. Nevertheless, Brecht walked away with 62.5% of the royalties (Fuegi 196).6 This prologue is from Marc Blitzstein’s translation, which is currently the most widely p erformed. The Manheim/Willett translation carries no trace of the prologue.7 Sforzando is a dynamic notation meaning â€Å"play with emphasis.† Franz Joseph Hadyn wrote Symphony no. 94 (one of his most famous pieces) as a tranquil piece emphasized by a sudden, unexpected sforzando, intended as a joke.8 The theoretical structure of the â€Å"motto tune† is third-fifth-added sixth, also known as mediant-dominant-submediant, or â€Å"mi†-â€Å"sol†-â€Å"la†. For the sake of clarity I will refer to specific musical intervals numerically, i.e. third-fifth-sixth.9 The abbreviation â€Å"3PO† will reference Manheim Willett’s translation.10 This idea was visually expressed in a production at the University of Wisconsin in 2004, in which Macheath and Peachum were dressed in costumes reminiscent of one another to subtly remind the audience that the two were not so different after all.11 This is sung in the Blitzstein recording, but spoken in the Manheim/Willett translation.12 The dominant seventh is a major triad (root-third-fifth) with an added seventh.13 Dominant sevenths have become more and more popular in composing since the beginnings of jazz and its subsequent transition into pop music; the Beatles’ â€Å"All You Need is Love† and â€Å"Golden Slumbers† are two perfect examples of songs which use the dominant seventh to set up a tension before resolving. Weill must have been sure that jazz-wild Berlin would recognize the â€Å"jazziness† of the songs.14 This should not be mistaken as a form of catharsis. Brecht clearly sets up the idea that the audience has a responsibility; the resolution of the chord merely indicates that all is not lost.15 â€Å"Mack the Knife† has been commercially successful on its own, even to this day. Dozens of covers have been recorded, most notably by Louis Armstrong, Bobby Darin, Sting, and Ella Fitzgerald. In the ultimate ironic twist, McDonaldâ€⠄¢s created a character called â€Å"Mac Tonight† in the 1980s, who sold hamburgers with a jingle based on Brecht and Weill’s violent tune.